Release: 2.0.40 | Release Date: March 27, 2025

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Source code for examples.association.dict_of_sets_with_default

    """An advanced association proxy example which
    illustrates nesting of association proxies to produce multi-level Python
    collections, in this case a dictionary with string keys and sets of integers
    as values, which conceal the underlying mapped classes.

    This is a three table model which represents a parent table referencing a
    dictionary of string keys and sets as values, where each set stores a
    collection of integers. The association proxy extension is used to hide the
    details of this persistence. The dictionary also generates new collections
    upon access of a non-existent key, in the same manner as Python's
    "collections.defaultdict" object.

    """

    import operator

    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
    from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import KeyFuncDict

    class Base:
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

    Base = declarative_base(cls=Base)

    class GenDefaultCollection(KeyFuncDict):
        def __missing__(self, key):
            self[key] = b = B(key)
            return b

    class A(Base):
        __tablename__ = "a"
        associations = relationship(
            "B",
            collection_class=lambda: GenDefaultCollection(
                operator.attrgetter("key")
            ),
        )

        collections = association_proxy("associations", "values")
        """Bridge the association from 'associations' over to the 'values'
        association proxy of B.
        """

    class B(Base):
        __tablename__ = "b"
        a_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("a.id"), nullable=False)
        elements = relationship("C", collection_class=set)
        key = Column(String)

        values = association_proxy("elements", "value")
        """Bridge the association from 'elements' over to the
        'value' element of C."""

        def __init__(self, key, values=None):
            self.key = key
            if values:
                self.values = values

    class C(Base):
        __tablename__ = "c"
        b_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("b.id"), nullable=False)
        value = Column(Integer)

        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        engine = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=True)
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
        session = Session(engine)

        # only "A" is referenced explicitly.  Using "collections",
        # we deal with a dict of key/sets of integers directly.

        session.add_all([A(collections={"1": {1, 2, 3}})])
        session.commit()

        a1 = session.query(A).first()
        print(a1.collections["1"])
        a1.collections["1"].add(4)
        session.commit()

        a1.collections["2"].update([7, 8, 9])
        session.commit()

        print(a1.collections["2"])