Release: 1.4.31 | Release Date: January 20, 2022

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Automap

Define an extension to the `sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` system which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected.

New in version 0.9.1: Added `sqlalchemy.ext.automap`.

It is hoped that the `AutomapBase` system provides a quick and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous SQLSoup also tries to solve, that of generating a quick and rudimentary object model from an existing database on the fly. By addressing the issue strictly at the mapper configuration level, and integrating fully with existing Declarative class techniques, `AutomapBase` seeks to provide a well-integrated approach to the issue of expediently auto-generating ad-hoc mappings.

## Basic Use

The simplest usage is to reflect an existing database into a new model. We create a new `AutomapBase` class in a similar manner as to how we create a declarative base class, using `automap_base()`. We then call `AutomapBase.prepare()` on the resulting base class, asking it to reflect the schema and produce mappings:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

    Base = automap_base()

    # engine, suppose it has two tables 'user' and 'address' set up
    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")

    # reflect the tables
    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)

    # mapped classes are now created with names by default
    # matching that of the table name.
    User = Base.classes.user
    Address = Base.classes.address

    session = Session(engine)

    # rudimentary relationships are produced
    session.add(Address(email_address="foo@bar.com", user=User(name="foo")))
    session.commit()

    # collection-based relationships are by default named
    # "<classname>_collection"
    print (u1.address_collection)

Above, calling `AutomapBase.prepare()` while passing along the `AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter indicates that the `MetaData.reflect()` method will be called on this declarative base classes’ `MetaData` collection; then, each viable `Table` within the `MetaData` will get a new mapped class generated automatically. The `ForeignKeyConstraint` objects which link the various tables together will be used to produce new, bidirectional `relationship()` objects between classes. The classes and relationships follow along a default naming scheme that we can customize. At this point, our basic mapping consisting of related `User` and `Address` classes is ready to use in the traditional way.

Note

By viable, we mean that for a table to be mapped, it must specify a primary key. Additionally, if the table is detected as being a pure association table between two other tables, it will not be directly mapped and will instead be configured as a many-to-many table between the mappings for the two referring tables.

## Generating Mappings from an Existing MetaData

We can pass a pre-declared `MetaData` object to `automap_base()`. This object can be constructed in any way, including programmatically, from a serialized file, or from itself being reflected using `MetaData.reflect()`. Below we illustrate a combination of reflection and explicit table declaration:

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")

    # produce our own MetaData object
    metadata = MetaData()

    # we can reflect it ourselves from a database, using options
    # such as 'only' to limit what tables we look at...
    metadata.reflect(engine, only=['user', 'address'])

    # ... or just define our own Table objects with it (or combine both)
    Table('user_order', metadata,
                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
                    Column('user_id', ForeignKey('user.id'))
                )

    # we can then produce a set of mappings from this MetaData.
    Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)

    # calling prepare() just sets up mapped classes and relationships.
    Base.prepare()

    # mapped classes are ready
    User, Address, Order = Base.classes.user, Base.classes.address,\
        Base.classes.user_order

## Specifying Classes Explicitly

The `automap` extension allows classes to be defined explicitly, in a way similar to that of the `DeferredReflection` class. Classes that extend from `AutomapBase` act like regular declarative classes, but are not immediately mapped after their construction, and are instead mapped when we call `AutomapBase.prepare()`. The `AutomapBase.prepare()` method will make use of the classes we’ve established based on the table name we use. If our schema contains tables `user` and `address`, we can define one or both of the classes to be used:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

    # automap base
    Base = automap_base()

    # pre-declare User for the 'user' table
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'

        # override schema elements like Columns
        user_name = Column('name', String)

        # override relationships too, if desired.
        # we must use the same name that automap would use for the
        # relationship, and also must refer to the class name that automap will
        # generate for "address"
        address_collection = relationship("address", collection_class=set)

    # reflect
    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)

    # we still have Address generated from the tablename "address",
    # but User is the same as Base.classes.User now

    Address = Base.classes.address

    u1 = session.query(User).first()
    print (u1.address_collection)

    # the backref is still there:
    a1 = session.query(Address).first()
    print (a1.user)

Above, one of the more intricate details is that we illustrated overriding one of the `relationship()` objects that automap would have created. To do this, we needed to make sure the names match up with what automap would normally generate, in that the relationship name would be `User.address_collection` and the name of the class referred to, from automap’s perspective, is called `address`, even though we are referring to it as `Address` within our usage of this class.

## Overriding Naming Schemes

`automap` is tasked with producing mapped classes and relationship names based on a schema, which means it has decision points in how these names are determined. These three decision points are provided using functions which can be passed to the `AutomapBase.prepare()` method, and are known as `classname_for_table()`, `name_for_scalar_relationship()`, and `name_for_collection_relationship()`. Any or all of these functions are provided as in the example below, where we use a “camel case” scheme for class names and a “pluralizer” for collection names using the Inflect package:

    import re
    import inflect

    def camelize_classname(base, tablename, table):
        "Produce a 'camelized' class name, e.g. "
        "'words_and_underscores' -> 'WordsAndUnderscores'"

        return str(tablename[0].upper() + \
                re.sub(r'_([a-z])', lambda m: m.group(1).upper(), tablename[1:]))

    _pluralizer = inflect.engine()
    def pluralize_collection(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
        "Produce an 'uncamelized', 'pluralized' class name, e.g. "
        "'SomeTerm' -> 'some_terms'"

        referred_name = referred_cls.__name__
        uncamelized = re.sub(r'[A-Z]',
                             lambda m: "_%s" % m.group(0).lower(),
                             referred_name)[1:]
        pluralized = _pluralizer.plural(uncamelized)
        return pluralized

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base

    Base = automap_base()

    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")

    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
                classname_for_table=camelize_classname,
                name_for_collection_relationship=pluralize_collection
        )

From the above mapping, we would now have classes `User` and `Address`, where the collection from `User` to `Address` is called `User.addresses`:

    User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address

    u1 = User(addresses=[Address(email="foo@bar.com")])

## Relationship Detection

The vast majority of what automap accomplishes is the generation of `relationship()` structures based on foreign keys. The mechanism by which this works for many-to-one and one-to-many relationships is as follows:

1. A given `Table`, known to be mapped to a particular class, is examined for `ForeignKeyConstraint` objects.

2. From each `ForeignKeyConstraint`, the remote `Table` object present is matched up to the class to which it is to be mapped, if any, else it is skipped.

3. As the `ForeignKeyConstraint` we are examining corresponds to a reference from the immediate mapped class, the relationship will be set up as a many-to-one referring to the referred class; a corresponding one-to-many backref will be created on the referred class referring to this class.

4. If any of the columns that are part of the `ForeignKeyConstraint` are not nullable (e.g. `nullable=False`), a `relationship.cascade` keyword argument of `all, delete-orphan` will be added to the keyword arguments to be passed to the relationship or backref. If the `ForeignKeyConstraint` reports that `ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete` is set to `CASCADE` for a not null or `SET NULL` for a nullable set of columns, the option `relationship.passive_deletes` flag is set to `True` in the set of relationship keyword arguments. Note that not all backends support reflection of ON DELETE.

   New in version 1.0.0: - automap will detect non-nullable foreign key constraints when producing a one-to-many relationship and establish a default cascade of `all, delete-orphan` if so; additionally, if the constraint specifies `ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete` of `CASCADE` for non-nullable or `SET NULL` for nullable columns, the `passive_deletes=True` option is also added.

5. The names of the relationships are determined using the `AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` and `AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship` callable functions. It is important to note that the default relationship naming derives the name from the the actual class name. If you’ve given a particular class an explicit name by declaring it, or specified an alternate class naming scheme, that’s the name from which the relationship name will be derived.

6. The classes are inspected for an existing mapped property matching these names. If one is detected on one side, but none on the other side, `AutomapBase` attempts to create a relationship on the missing side, then uses the `relationship.back_populates` parameter in order to point the new relationship to the other side.

7. In the usual case where no relationship is on either side, `AutomapBase.prepare()` produces a `relationship()` on the “many-to-one” side and matches it to the other using the `relationship.backref` parameter.

8. Production of the `relationship()` and optionally the `backref()` is handed off to the `AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` function, which can be supplied by the end-user in order to augment the arguments passed to `relationship()` or `backref()` or to make use of custom implementations of these functions.

### Custom Relationship Arguments

The `AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` hook can be used to add parameters to relationships. For most cases, we can make use of the existing `generate_relationship()` function to return the object, after augmenting the given keyword dictionary with our own arguments.

Below is an illustration of how to send `relationship.cascade` and `relationship.passive_deletes` options along to all one-to-many relationships:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import generate_relationship

    def _gen_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
                                    attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw):
        if direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY:
            kw['cascade'] = 'all, delete-orphan'
            kw['passive_deletes'] = True
        # make use of the built-in function to actually return
        # the result.
        return generate_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
                                     attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw)

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine

    # automap base
    Base = automap_base()

    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
                generate_relationship=_gen_relationship)

### Many-to-Many relationships

`automap` will generate many-to-many relationships, e.g. those which contain a `secondary` argument. The process for producing these is as follows:

1. A given `Table` is examined for `ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, before any mapped class has been assigned to it.

2. If the table contains two and exactly two `ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, and all columns within this table are members of these two `ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, the table is assumed to be a “secondary” table, and will not be mapped directly.

3. The two (or one, for self-referential) external tables to which the `Table` refers to are matched to the classes to which they will be mapped, if any.

4. If mapped classes for both sides are located, a many-to-many bi-directional `relationship()` / `backref()` pair is created between the two classes.

5. The override logic for many-to-many works the same as that of one-to-many/ many-to-one; the `generate_relationship()` function is called upon to generate the structures and existing attributes will be maintained.

### Relationships with Inheritance

`automap` will not generate any relationships between two classes that are in an inheritance relationship. That is, with two classes given as follows:

    class Employee(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'employee'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        type = Column(String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {
             'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on': type
        }

    class Engineer(Employee):
        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
        __mapper_args__ = {
            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
        }

The foreign key from `Engineer` to `Employee` is used not for a relationship, but to establish joined inheritance between the two classes.

Note that this means automap will not generate any relationships for foreign keys that link from a subclass to a superclass. If a mapping has actual relationships from subclass to superclass as well, those need to be explicit. Below, as we have two separate foreign keys from `Engineer` to `Employee`, we need to set up both the relationship we want as well as the `inherit_condition`, as these are not things SQLAlchemy can guess:

    class Employee(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'employee'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        type = Column(String(50))

        __mapper_args__ = {
            'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on':type
        }

    class Engineer(Employee):
        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
        favorite_employee_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'))

        favorite_employee = relationship(Employee,
                                         foreign_keys=favorite_employee_id)

        __mapper_args__ = {
            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
            'inherit_condition': id == Employee.id
        }

### Handling Simple Naming Conflicts

In the case of naming conflicts during mapping, override any of `classname_for_table()`, `name_for_scalar_relationship()`, and `name_for_collection_relationship()` as needed. For example, if automap is attempting to name a many-to-one relationship the same as an existing column, an alternate convention can be conditionally selected. Given a schema:

    CREATE TABLE table_a (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
    );

    CREATE TABLE table_b (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
        table_a INTEGER,
        FOREIGN KEY(table_a) REFERENCES table_a(id)
    );

The above schema will first automap the `table_a` table as a class named `table_a`; it will then automap a relationship onto the class for `table_b` with the same name as this related class, e.g. `table_a`. This relationship name conflicts with the mapping column `table_b.table_a`, and will emit an error on mapping.

We can resolve this conflict by using an underscore as follows:

    def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
        name = referred_cls.__name__.lower()
        local_table = local_cls.__table__
        if name in local_table.columns:
            newname = name + "_"
            warnings.warn(
                "Already detected name %s present.  using %s" %
                (name, newname))
            return newname
        return name

    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
        name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship)

Alternatively, we can change the name on the column side. The columns that are mapped can be modified using the technique described at Naming Columns Distinctly from Attribute Names, by assigning the column explicitly to a new name:

    Base = automap_base()

    class TableB(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'table_b'
        _table_a = Column('table_a', ForeignKey('table_a.id'))

    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)

## Using Automap with Explicit Declarations

As noted previously, automap has no dependency on reflection, and can make use of any collection of `Table` objects within a `MetaData` collection. From this, it follows that automap can also be used generate missing relationships given an otherwise complete model that fully defines table metadata:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey

    Base = automap_base()

    class User(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String)

    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'address'

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        email = Column(String)
        user_id = Column(ForeignKey('user.id'))

    # produce relationships
    Base.prepare()

    # mapping is complete, with "address_collection" and
    # "user" relationships
    a1 = Address(email='u1')
    a2 = Address(email='u2')
    u1 = User(address_collection=[a1, a2])
    assert a1.user is u1

Above, given mostly complete `User` and `Address` mappings, the `ForeignKey` which we defined on `Address.user_id` allowed a bidirectional relationship pair `Address.user` and `User.address_collection` to be generated on the mapped classes.

Note that when subclassing `AutomapBase`, the `AutomapBase.prepare()` method is required; if not called, the classes we’ve declared are in an un-mapped state.

## Intercepting Column Definitions

The `MetaData` and `Table` objects support an event hook `DDLEvents.column_reflect()` that may be used to intercept the information reflected about a database column before the `Column` object is constructed. For example if we wanted to map columns using a naming convention such as `"attr_<columnname>"`, the event could be applied as:

    @event.listens_for(Base.metadata, "column_reflect")
    def column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
        # set column.key = "attr_<lower_case_name>"
        column_info['key'] = "attr_%s" % column_info['name'].lower()

    # run reflection
    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)

New in version 1.4.0b2: the `DDLEvents.column_reflect()` event may be applied to a `MetaData` object.

See also

`DDLEvents.column_reflect()`

Automating Column Naming Schemes from Reflected Tables - in the ORM mapping documentation

## API Reference

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
automap_base([declarative_base], **kw) | Produce a declarative automap base.
AutomapBase | Base class for an “automap” schema.
classname_for_table(base, tablename, table) | Return the class name that should be used, given the name of a table.
generate_relationship(base, direction, return_fn, attrname, ..., **kw) | Generate a `relationship()` or `backref()` on behalf of two mapped classes.
name_for_collection_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint) | Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one class to another, for a collection reference.
name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint) | Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one class to another, for a scalar object reference.

function sqlalchemy.ext.automap.automap_base(declarative_base=None, **kw)

  Produce a declarative automap base.

  This function produces a new base class that is a product of the `AutomapBase` class as well a declarative base produced by `declarative_base()`.

  All parameters other than `declarative_base` are keyword arguments that are passed directly to the `declarative_base()` function.

  Parameters

    - declarative_base – an existing class produced by `declarative_base()`. When this is passed, the function no longer invokes `declarative_base()` itself, and all other keyword arguments are ignored.

    - **kw – keyword arguments are passed along to `declarative_base()`.

class sqlalchemy.ext.automap.AutomapBase

  Base class for an “automap” schema.

  The `AutomapBase` class can be compared to the “declarative base” class that is produced by the `declarative_base()` function. In practice, the `AutomapBase` class is always used as a mixin along with an actual declarative base.

  A new subclassable `AutomapBase` is typically instantiated using the `automap_base()` function.

  See also

  Automap

  attribute `sqlalchemy.ext.automap.AutomapBase.`classes = None

    An instance of `Properties` containing classes.

    This object behaves much like the `.c` collection on a table. Classes are present under the name they were given, e.g.:

        Base = automap_base()
        Base.prepare(engine=some_engine, reflect=True)

        User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.automap.AutomapBase.`classmethod prepare(autoload_with=None, engine=None, reflect=False, schema=None, classname_for_table=None, collection_class=None, name_for_scalar_relationship=None, name_for_collection_relationship=None, generate_relationship=None, reflection_options={})

    Extract mapped classes and relationships from the `MetaData` and perform mappings.

    Parameters

      - engine –

        an `Engine` or `Connection` with which to perform schema reflection, if specified. If the `AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` argument is False, this object is not used.

        Deprecated since version 1.4: The `AutomapBase.prepare.engine` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` parameter.

      - reflect –

        if True, the `MetaData.reflect()` method is called on the `MetaData` associated with this `AutomapBase`. The `Engine` passed via `AutomapBase.prepare.engine` will be used to perform the reflection if present; else, the `MetaData` should already be bound to some engine else the operation will fail.

        Deprecated since version 1.4: The `AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Reflection is enabled when `AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` is passed.

      - classname_for_table – callable function which will be used to produce new class names, given a table name. Defaults to `classname_for_table()`.

      - name_for_scalar_relationship – callable function which will be used to produce relationship names for scalar relationships. Defaults to `name_for_scalar_relationship()`.

      - name_for_collection_relationship – callable function which will be used to produce relationship names for collection-oriented relationships. Defaults to `name_for_collection_relationship()`.

      - generate_relationship – callable function which will be used to actually generate `relationship()` and `backref()` constructs. Defaults to `generate_relationship()`.

      - collection_class – the Python collection class that will be used when a new `relationship()` object is created that represents a collection. Defaults to `list`.

      - schema –

        When present in conjunction with the `AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` flag, is passed to `MetaData.reflect()` to indicate the primary schema where tables should be reflected from. When omitted, the default schema in use by the database connection is used.

        New in version 1.1.

      - reflection_options –

        When present, this dictionary of options will be passed to `MetaData.reflect()` to supply general reflection-specific options like `only` and/or dialect-specific options like `oracle_resolve_synonyms`.

        New in version 1.4.

function sqlalchemy.ext.automap.classname_for_table(base, tablename, table)

  Return the class name that should be used, given the name of a table.

  The default implementation is:

      return str(tablename)

  Alternate implementations can be specified using the `AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table` parameter.

  Parameters

    - base – the `AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.

    - tablename – string name of the `Table`.

    - table – the `Table` object itself.

  Returns

    a string class name.

    Note

    In Python 2, the string used for the class name must be a non-Unicode object, e.g. a `str()` object. The `.name` attribute of `Table` is typically a Python unicode subclass, so the `str()` function should be applied to this name, after accounting for any non-ASCII characters.

function sqlalchemy.ext.automap.name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint)

  Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one class to another, for a scalar object reference.

  The default implementation is:

      return referred_cls.__name__.lower()

  Alternate implementations can be specified using the `AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` parameter.

  Parameters

    - base – the `AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.

    - local_cls – the class to be mapped on the local side.

    - referred_cls – the class to be mapped on the referring side.

    - constraint – the `ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being inspected to produce this relationship.

function sqlalchemy.ext.automap.name_for_collection_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint)

  Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one class to another, for a collection reference.

  The default implementation is:

      return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"

  Alternate implementations can be specified using the `AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship` parameter.

  Parameters

    - base – the `AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.

    - local_cls – the class to be mapped on the local side.

    - referred_cls – the class to be mapped on the referring side.

    - constraint – the `ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being inspected to produce this relationship.

function sqlalchemy.ext.automap.generate_relationship(base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw)

  Generate a `relationship()` or `backref()` on behalf of two mapped classes.

  An alternate implementation of this function can be specified using the `AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` parameter.

  The default implementation of this function is as follows:

      if return_fn is backref:
          return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
      elif return_fn is relationship:
          return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
      else:
          raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)

  Parameters

    - base – the `AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.

    - direction – indicate the “direction” of the relationship; this will be one of `ONETOMANY`, `MANYTOONE`, `MANYTOMANY`.

    - return_fn – the function that is used by default to create the relationship. This will be either `relationship()` or `backref()`. The `backref()` function’s result will be used to produce a new `relationship()` in a second step, so it is critical that user-defined implementations correctly differentiate between the two functions, if a custom relationship function is being used.

    - attrname – the attribute name to which this relationship is being assigned. If the value of `generate_relationship.return_fn` is the `backref()` function, then this name is the name that is being assigned to the backref.

    - local_cls – the “local” class to which this relationship or backref will be locally present.

    - referred_cls – the “referred” class to which the relationship or backref refers to.

    - **kw – all additional keyword arguments are passed along to the function.

  Returns

    a `relationship()` or `backref()` construct, as dictated by the `generate_relationship.return_fn` parameter.