Release: 1.4.31 | Release Date: January 20, 2022

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Loading Columns

This section presents additional options regarding the loading of columns.

## Deferred Column Loading

Deferred column loading allows particular columns of a table be loaded only upon direct access, instead of when the entity is queried using `Query`. This feature is useful when one wants to avoid loading a large text or binary field into memory when it’s not needed. Individual columns can be lazy loaded by themselves or placed into groups that lazy-load together, using the `deferred()` function to mark them as “deferred”. In the example below, we define a mapping that will load each of `.excerpt` and `.photo` in separate, individual-row SELECT statements when each attribute is first referenced on the individual object instance:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import deferred
    from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Text, Binary, Column

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'book'

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = Column(String(2000))
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text))
        photo = deferred(Column(Binary))

Classical mappings as always place the usage of `deferred()` in the `properties` dictionary against the table-bound `Column`:

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(Book, book_table, properties={
        'photo':deferred(book_table.c.photo)
    })

Deferred columns can be associated with a “group” name, so that they load together when any of them are first accessed. The example below defines a mapping with a `photos` deferred group. When one `.photo` is accessed, all three photos will be loaded in one SELECT statement. The `.excerpt` will be loaded separately when it is accessed:

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'book'

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = Column(String(2000))
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text))
        photo1 = deferred(Column(Binary), group='photos')
        photo2 = deferred(Column(Binary), group='photos')
        photo3 = deferred(Column(Binary), group='photos')

### Deferred Column Loader Query Options

Columns can be marked as “deferred” or reset to “undeferred” at query time using options which are passed to the `Query.options()` method; the most basic query options are `defer()` and `undefer()`:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer

    query = session.query(Book)
    query = query.options(defer('summary'), undefer('excerpt'))
    query.all()

Above, the “summary” column will not load until accessed, and the “excerpt” column will load immediately even if it was mapped as a “deferred” column.

`deferred()` attributes which are marked with a “group” can be undeferred using `undefer_group()`, sending in the group name:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer_group

    query = session.query(Book)
    query.options(undefer_group('photos')).all()

### Deferred Loading across Multiple Entities

To specify column deferral for a `Query` that loads multiple types of entities at once, the deferral options may be specified more explicitly using class-bound attributes, rather than string names:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer

    query = session.query(Book, Author).join(Book.author)
    query = query.options(defer(Author.bio))

Column deferral options may also indicate that they take place along various relationship paths, which are themselves often eagerly loaded with loader options. All relationship-bound loader options support chaining onto additional loader options, which include loading for further levels of relationships, as well as onto column-oriented attributes at that path. Such as, to load `Author` instances, then joined-eager-load the `Author.books` collection for each author, then apply deferral options to column-oriented attributes onto each `Book` entity from that relationship, the `joinedload()` loader option can be combined with the `load_only()` option (described later in this section) to defer all `Book` columns except those explicitly specified:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
                joinedload(Author.books).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
            )

Option structures as above can also be organized in more complex ways, such as hierarchically using the `Load.options()` method, which allows multiple sub-options to be chained to a common parent option at once. Any mixture of string names and class-bound attribute objects may be used:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
    from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
                joinedload(Author.book).options(
                    load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
                    joinedload(Book.citations).options(
                        joinedload(Citation.author),
                        defer(Citation.fulltext)
                    )
                )
            )

New in version 1.3.6: Added `Load.options()` to allow easier construction of hierarchies of loader options.

Another way to apply options to a path is to use the `defaultload()` function. This function is used to indicate a particular path within a loader option structure without actually setting any options at that level, so that further sub-options may be applied. The `defaultload()` function can be used to create the same structure as we did above using `Load.options()` as:

    query = session.query(Author)
    query = query.options(
        joinedload(Author.book).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
        defaultload(Author.book).joinedload(Book.citations).joinedload(Citation.author),
        defaultload(Author.book).defaultload(Book.citations).defer(Citation.fulltext)
    )

See also

Relationship Loading with Loader Options - targeted towards relationship loading

### Load Only and Wildcard Options

The ORM loader option system supports the concept of “wildcard” loader options, in which a loader option can be passed an asterisk `"*"` to indicate that a particular option should apply to all applicable attributes of a mapped class. Such as, if we wanted to load the `Book` class but only the “summary” and “excerpt” columns, we could say:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer

    session.query(Book).options(
        defer('*'), undefer("summary"), undefer("excerpt"))

Above, the `defer()` option is applied using a wildcard to all column attributes on the `Book` class. Then, the `undefer()` option is used against the “summary” and “excerpt” fields so that they are the only columns loaded up front. A query for the above entity will include only the “summary” and “excerpt” fields in the SELECT, along with the primary key columns which are always used by the ORM.

A similar function is available with less verbosity by using the `load_only()` option. This is a so-called exclusionary option which will apply deferred behavior to all column attributes except those that are named:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only

    session.query(Book).options(load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt))

#### Wildcard and Exclusionary Options with Multiple-Entity Queries

Wildcard options and exclusionary options such as `load_only()` may only be applied to a single entity at a time within a `Query`. To suit the less common case where a `Query` is returning multiple primary entities at once, a special calling style may be required in order to apply a wildcard or exclusionary option, which is to use the `Load` object to indicate the starting entity for a deferral option. Such as, if we were loading `Book` and `Author` at once, the `Query` will raise an informative error if we try to apply `load_only()` to both at once. Using `Load` looks like:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Load

    query = session.query(Book, Author).join(Book.author)
    query = query.options(
                Load(Book).load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt)
            )

Above, `Load` is used in conjunction with the exclusionary option `load_only()` so that the deferral of all other columns only takes place for the `Book` class and not the `Author` class. Again, the `Query` object should raise an informative error message when the above calling style is actually required that describes those cases where explicit use of `Load` is needed.

### Raiseload for Deferred Columns

New in version 1.4.

The `deferred()` loader option and the corresponding loader strategy also support the concept of “raiseload”, which is a loader strategy that will raise `InvalidRequestError` if the attribute is accessed such that it would need to emit a SQL query in order to be loaded. This behavior is the column-based equivalent of the `raiseload()` feature for relationship loading, discussed at Preventing unwanted lazy loads using raiseload. Using the `defer.raiseload` parameter on the `defer()` option, an exception is raised if the attribute is accessed:

    book = session.query(Book).options(defer(Book.summary, raiseload=True)).first()

    # would raise an exception
    book.summary

Deferred “raiseload” can be configured at the mapper level via `deferred.raiseload` on `deferred()`, so that an explicit `undefer()` is required in order for the attribute to be usable:

    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'book'

        book_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        title = Column(String(200), nullable=False)
        summary = deferred(Column(String(2000)), raiseload=True)
        excerpt = deferred(Column(Text), raiseload=True)

    book_w_excerpt = session.query(Book).options(undefer(Book.excerpt)).first()

### Column Deferral API

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
defer(key, *addl_attrs, **kw) | Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.
deferred(*columns, **kw) | Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will not load unless accessed.
load_only(*attrs) | Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be deferred.
query_expression([default_expr]) | Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.
undefer(key, *addl_attrs) | Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.
undefer_group(name) | Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be undeferred.
with_expression(key, expression) | Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a “deferred expression” attribute.

function sqlalchemy.orm.defer(key, *addl_attrs, **kw)

  Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  e.g.:

      from sqlalchemy.orm import defer

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                          defer("attribute_one"),
                          defer("attribute_two"))

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                          defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
                          defer(MyClass.attribute_two))

  To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class, the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading style for each link along the chain. To leave the loading style for a link unchanged, use `defaultload()`:

      session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))

  A `Load` object that is present on a certain path can have `Load.defer()` called multiple times, each will operate on the same parent entity:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
                      defaultload("someattr").
                          defer("some_column").
                          defer("some_other_column").
                          defer("another_column")
          )

  Parameters

    - key – Attribute to be deferred.

    - raiseload –

      raise `InvalidRequestError` if the column value is to be loaded from emitting SQL. Used to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.

      New in version 1.4.

      See also

      Raiseload for Deferred Columns

    - *addl_attrs –

      This option supports the old 0.8 style of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded by the method-chained style.

      > Deprecated since version 0.9: The *addl_attrs on `defer()` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to indicate a path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `undefer()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.deferred(*columns, **kw)

  Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will not load unless accessed.

  Parameters

    - *columns – columns to be mapped. This is typically a single `Column` object, however a collection is supported in order to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.

    - raiseload –

      boolean, if True, indicates an exception should be raised if the load operation is to take place.

      New in version 1.4.

      See also

      Raiseload for Deferred Columns

    - **kw – additional keyword arguments passed to `ColumnProperty`.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

function sqlalchemy.orm.query_expression(default_expr=<sqlalchemy.sql.elements.Null object>)

  Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.

  Parameters

    default_expr –

    Optional SQL expression object that will be used in all cases if not assigned later with `with_expression()`. E.g.:

        from sqlalchemy.sql import literal

        class C(Base):
            #...
            my_expr = query_expression(literal(1))

    New in version 1.3.18.

  New in version 1.2.

  See also

  Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes

function sqlalchemy.orm.load_only(*attrs)

  Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be deferred.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  Example - given a class `User`, load only the `name` and `fullname` attributes:

      session.query(User).options(load_only(User.name, User.fullname))

  Example - given a relationship `User.addresses -> Address`, specify subquery loading for the `User.addresses` collection, but on each `Address` object load only the `email_address` attribute:

      session.query(User).options(
              subqueryload(User.addresses).load_only(Address.email_address)
      )

  For a `Query` that has multiple entities, the lead entity can be specifically referred to using the `Load` constructor:

         session.query(User, Address).join(User.addresses).options(
                     Load(User).load_only(User.name, User.fullname),
                     Load(Address).load_only(Address.email_address)
                 )

      .. note:: This method will still load a :class:`_schema.Column` even
         if the column property is defined with ``deferred=True``
         for the :func:`.column_property` function.

  New in version 0.9.0.

function sqlalchemy.orm.undefer(key, *addl_attrs)

  Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.

  The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a `deferred()` attribute.

  This function is part of the `Load` interface and supports both method-chained and standalone operation.

  Examples:

      # undefer two columns
      session.query(MyClass).options(undefer("col1"), undefer("col2"))

      # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
      session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(
          Load(MyClass).undefer("*"))

      # undefer a column on a related object
      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload(MyClass.items).undefer('text'))

  Parameters

    - key – Attribute to be undeferred.

    - *addl_attrs –

      This option supports the old 0.8 style of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded by the method-chained style.

      > Deprecated since version 0.9: The *addl_attrs on `undefer()` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to indicate a path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `defer()`

  `undefer_group()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.undefer_group(name)

  Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be undeferred.

  The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as `deferred()` attributes and include a “group” name.

  E.g:

      session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))

  To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be spelled out using relationship loader options, such as `defaultload()`:

      session.query(MyClass).options(
          defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs"))

  Changed in version 0.9.0: `undefer_group()` is now specific to a particular entity load path.

  See also

  Deferred Column Loading

  `defer()`

  `undefer()`

function sqlalchemy.orm.with_expression(key, expression)

  Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a “deferred expression” attribute.

  This option is used in conjunction with the `query_expression()` mapper-level construct that indicates an attribute which should be the target of an ad-hoc SQL expression.

  E.g.:

      sess.query(SomeClass).options(
          with_expression(SomeClass.x_y_expr, SomeClass.x + SomeClass.y)
      )

  New in version 1.2.

  Parameters

    - key – Attribute to be undeferred.

    - expr – SQL expression to be applied to the attribute.

  Note

  the target attribute is populated only if the target object is not currently loaded in the current `Session` unless the `Query.populate_existing()` method is used. Please refer to Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes for complete usage details.

  See also

  Query-time SQL expressions as mapped attributes

## Column Bundles

The `Bundle` may be used to query for groups of columns under one namespace.

The bundle allows columns to be grouped together:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle

    bn = Bundle('mybundle', MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
    for row in session.query(bn).filter(bn.c.data1 == 'd1'):
        print(row.mybundle.data1, row.mybundle.data2)

The bundle can be subclassed to provide custom behaviors when results are fetched. The method `Bundle.create_row_processor()` is given the statement object and a set of “row processor” functions at query execution time; these processor functions when given a result row will return the individual attribute value, which can then be adapted into any kind of return data structure. Below illustrates replacing the usual `Row` return structure with a straight Python dictionary:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle

    class DictBundle(Bundle):
        def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
            """Override create_row_processor to return values as dictionaries"""
            def proc(row):
                return dict(
                            zip(labels, (proc(row) for proc in procs))
                        )
            return proc

Note

The `Bundle` construct only applies to column expressions. It does not apply to ORM attributes mapped using `relationship()`.

Changed in version 1.0: The `proc()` callable passed to the `create_row_processor()` method of custom `Bundle` classes now accepts only a single “row” argument.

A result from the above bundle will return dictionary values:

    bn = DictBundle('mybundle', MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
    for row in session.query(bn).filter(bn.c.data1 == 'd1'):
        print(row.mybundle['data1'], row.mybundle['data2'])

The `Bundle` construct is also integrated into the behavior of `composite()`, where it is used to return composite attributes as objects when queried as individual attributes.