Release: 1.4.31 | Release Date: January 20, 2022

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# SQLAlchemy Documentation

Getting Started

A high level view and getting set up.

Overview | Installation Guide | Frequently Asked Questions | Migration from 1.3 | Glossary | Error Messages | Changelog catalog

Tutorials

SQLAlchemy 1.4 / 2.0 Transitional

SQLAlchemy 2.0 is functionally available as part of SQLAlchemy 1.4, and integrates Core and ORM working styles more closely than ever. The new tutorial introduces both concepts in parallel. New users and those starting new projects should start here!

- SQLAlchemy 1.4 / 2.0 Tutorial - SQLAlchemy 2.0’s main tutorial

- Migrating to SQLAlchemy 2.0 - Complete background on migrating from 1.3 or 1.4 to 2.0

SQLAlchemy 1.x Releases

The 1.x Object Relational Tutorial and Core Tutorial are the legacy tutorials that should be consulted for existing SQLAlchemy codebases.

- Object Relational Tutorial (1.x API)

- SQL Expression Language Tutorial (1.x API)

Reference Documentation

SQLAlchemy ORM

- ORM Configuration: Mapper Configuration | Relationship Configuration

- ORM Usage: Session Usage and Guidelines | Querying Data, Loading Objects | AsyncIO Support

- Configuration Extensions: Mypy integration | Association Proxy | Hybrid Attributes | Automap | Mutable Scalars | All extensions

- Extending the ORM: ORM Events and Internals

- Other: Introduction to Examples

SQLAlchemy Core

- Engines, Connections, Pools: Engine Configuration | Connections, Transactions, Results | AsyncIO Support | Connection Pooling

- Schema Definition: Overview | Tables and Columns | Database Introspection (Reflection) | Insert/Update Defaults | Constraints and Indexes | Using Data Definition Language (DDL)

- SQL Reference: SQL Expression API docs

- Datatypes: Overview | Building Custom Types | API

- Core Basics: Overview | Runtime Inspection API | Event System | Core Event Interfaces | Creating Custom SQL Constructs

Dialect Documentation

The dialect is the system SQLAlchemy uses to communicate with various types of DBAPIs and databases. This section describes notes, options, and usage patterns regarding individual dialects.

PostgreSQL | MySQL | SQLite | Oracle | Microsoft SQL Server

More Dialects …