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# CREATING A CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

To create a new circuit start from an empty window, run xschem and select `New Schematic` in the `File` menu. Suppose we want co create a NAND gate, with two inputs, A and B and one output, Z. Lets start placing the input and output schematic pins; use the `Insert` key and locate the `devices/ipin.sym` symbol. After placing it change its lab attribute to `'A'`

Copy another instance of it and set its lab attribute to `B`. Next place an output pin `devices/opin.sym` and set its lab to `Z`. The result will be as follows:

Now we need to build the actual circuit. Since we plan to do it in CMOS technology we need nmos and pmos transistors. Place one nmos from `devices/nmos4.sym` and one pmos from `devices/pmos4.sym` By selecting them with the mouse, moving (`m` bindkey), copying (`'c'` bindkey) place 4 transistors in the following way (the upper ones are pmos4, the lower ones nmos4):

now draw wires to connect together the transistor to form a NAND gate; in the picture i have highlighted 2 electrical nodes by selecting one wire segment of each and pressing the `'k'` bindkey.

Next we need to place the supply nodes , VCC and VSS. we decide to use global nodes. Global nodes in SPICE semantics are like global variables in C programs, they are available everywhere, we do not need to propagate global nodes with pins. We could equally well use regular pins , as used for the A and B inputs, I am just showing different design styles. Use the `Insert` key and place both `devices/vdd.sym` and `devices/gnd.sym` Since the default names are respectively VDD and GND use the edit property bindkey `'q'` to change these to VCC and VSS.

we still need to connect the body terminals of the mos transistors. One possibility is to hookup the two upper pmos transistor terminals to VCC with wires, and the two bottom nmos terminals to VSS with wires, but just to show different design styles i am planning to use ''by name'' connection with labels. So place a wire label `devices/lab_pin.sym` and use 4 instances of it to name the 4 body terminals. Remember, while moving (select and press the `'m'` key) you can flip/rotate using the `R`/`F` keys.

Finally we must connect the input and output port connectors, and to complete the gate schematic we decide to use W=8u for the pmos transistors. Select both the pmos devices and press the edit proprty `'q'` key; modify from 5u (default) to 8u.

Now do a Save as operation, save it for example in `mylib/nand2.sch`.
To make the schematic nicer we also add the title component. This component is not netlisted but is useful, it reports the modification date and the author. Place the `devices/title.sym` component. The NAND gate is completed! (below picture also with grid, normally disabled in pictures to make image sizes smaller).

Normally a cmos gate like the one used in this example is used as a building block (among many others) for bigger circuits, therefore we need to enclose the schematic view above in a symbol representation.

### Automatic symbol creation

XSCHEM has the ability to automatically generate a symbol view given the schematic view. Just press the `'a'` bindkey in the drawing area of the nand2 gate.

After pressing 'OK' a `mylib/nand2.sym` file is generated. try opening it (`File->Open`):

As you can see a symbolic view of the gate has been automatically created using the information in the schematic view (specifically, the input/output pins). Now, this graphic is not really looking like a nand gate, so we may wish to edit it to make it look better. Delete (by selecting and pressing the `Delete` key) all the green lines, keep the red pins, the pin labels and the @symname and @name texts, then draw a nand shape like in the following picture. To allow you to draw small segments you may need to reduce the snap factor (menu `View->Half snap thresholf`) remember to reset the snap factor to its default setting when done.

This completes the nand2 component. It is now ready to be placed in a schematic. Open a test schematic (for example `mylib/test.sch` (remember to save the nand2.sym you have just created), press the `Insert` key and locate the `mylib/nand2.sym` symbol. Then insert `devices/lab_pin.sym` components and place wires to connect some nodes to the newly instantiated nand2 component:

This is now a valid circuit. Let's test it by extracting the SPICE netlist. Enable the showing of netlist window (`Options -> Show netlist win`, or `'A'` key). Now extract the netlist (`Netlist` button on the right side of the menu bar, or `'N'` key). the SPICE netlist will be shown.

    **.subckt test
    x1 OUTPUT_Z INPUT_A INPUT_B nand2
    **** begin user architecture code
    **** end user architecture code
    **.ends

    * expanding symbol: mylib/nand2 # of pins=3
    .subckt nand2 Z A B
    *.ipin A
    *.opin Z
    *.ipin B
    m1 Z A net1 VSS nmos w=5u l=0.18u m=1
    m2 Z B VCC VCC pmos w=8u l=0.18u m=1
    m3 Z A VCC VCC pmos w=8u l=0.18u m=1
    m4 net1 B VSS VSS nmos w=5u l=0.18u m=1
    **** begin user architecture code
    **** end user architecture code
    .ends

    .GLOBAL VCC
    .GLOBAL VSS
    .end

This is an example of a hierarchical circuit. The nand2 is a symbol view of another lower level schematic. We may place multiple times the nand2 symbol to create more complex circuits.

By selecting one of the nand2 gates and pressing the `'e'` key or menu `Edit -> Push schematic` we can 'descend' into it and navigate through the various hierarchies. Pressing `<ctrl>e` returns back to the upper level.

This is the corresponding netlist:

    **.subckt test
    x1 Q SET_BAR QBAR nand2
    x2 QBAR CLEAR_BAR Q nand2
    **** begin user architecture code
    **** end user architecture code
    **.ends

    * expanding symbol: mylib/nand2 # of pins=3
    .subckt nand2 Z A B
    *.ipin A
    *.opin Z
    *.ipin B
    m1 Z A net1 VSS nmos w=5u l=0.18u m=1
    m2 Z B VCC VCC pmos w=8u l=0.18u m=1
    m3 Z A VCC VCC pmos w=8u l=0.18u m=1
    m4 net1 B VSS VSS nmos w=5u l=0.18u m=1
    **** begin user architecture code
    **** end user architecture code
    .ends

    .GLOBAL VCC
    .GLOBAL VSS
    .end

The advantage of using hierarchy in circuits is the same as using functions in programming languages; avoid drawing many repetitive blocks. Also the netlist file will be much smaller.

### Automatic Component Wiring

When a new symbol is placed there is a function to connect its pins to auto-named nets: select the symbol, then Press the `'H'` key or the `Symbol->Attach pins to component instance` menu entry.

The `use prefix` will prepend the shown prefix to the wire names to be attached to the component. The default value for the prefix is the instance name followed by an underscore.
The `use wire labels` will use wire labels instead of pin labels. Wire labels have the text name field offset vertically to allow a wire to pass through without crossing the wire name. in the picture below, the first component is wired with `use prefix` selected and `use wire labels` not selected, the second example with `use prefix` not selected and `use wire labels` selected. As you can see in the second example you may draw wires without overstriking the labels.