Qt Reference Documentation

# Object Model

The standard C++ object model provides very efficient runtime support for the object paradigm. But its static nature is inflexibile in certain problem domains. Graphical user interface programming is a domain that requires both runtime efficiency and a high level of flexibility. Qt provides this, by combining the speed of C++ with the flexibility of the Qt Object Model.

Qt adds these features to C++:

- a very powerful mechanism for seamless object communication called signals and slots
- queryable and designable object properties
- powerful events and event filters
- contextual string translation for internationalization
- sophisticated interval driven timers that make it possible to elegantly integrate many tasks in an event-driven GUI
- hierarchical and queryable object trees that organize object ownership in a natural way
- guarded pointers (QPointer) that are automatically set to 0 when the referenced object is destroyed, unlike normal C++ pointers which become dangling pointers when their objects are destroyed
- a dynamic cast that works across library boundaries.

Many of these Qt features are implemented with standard C++ techniques, based on inheritance from QObject. Others, like the object communication mechanism and the dynamic property system, require the Meta-Object System provided by Qt's own Meta-Object Compiler (moc).

The meta-object system is a C++ extension that makes the language better suited to true component GUI programming. Although templates can be used to extend C++, the meta-object system provides benefits using standard C++ that cannot be achieved with templates; see Why Doesn't Qt Use Templates for Signals and Slots?

## Important Classes

These classes form the basis of the Qt Object Model.

QMetaClassInfo | Additional information about a class
QMetaEnum | Meta-data about an enumerator
QMetaMethod | Meta-data about a member function
QMetaObject | Contains meta-information about Qt objects
QMetaProperty | Meta-data about a property
QMetaType | Manages named types in the meta-object system
QObject | The base class of all Qt objects
QObjectCleanupHandler | Watches the lifetime of multiple QObjects
QPointer | Template class that provides guarded pointers to QObject
QSignalMapper | Bundles signals from identifiable senders
QVariant | Acts like a union for the most common Qt data types

## Qt Objects: Identity vs Value

Some of the added features listed above for the Qt Object Model, require that we think of Qt Objects as identities, not values. Values are copied or assigned; identities are cloned. Cloning means to create a new identity, not an exact copy of the old one. For example, twins have different identities. They may look identical, but they have different names, different locations, and may have completely different social networks.

Then cloning an identity is a more complex operation than copying or assigning a value. We can see what this means in the Qt Object Model.

A Qt Object...

- might have a unique QObject::objectName(). If we copy a Qt Object, what name should we give the copy?
- has a location in an object hierarchy. If we copy a Qt Object, where should the copy be located?
- can be connected to other Qt Objects to emit signals to them or to receive signals emitted by them. If we copy a Qt Object, how should we transfer these connections to the copy?
- can have new properties added to it at runtime that are not declared in the C++ class. If we copy a Qt Object, should the copy include the properties that were added to the original?

For these reasons, Qt Objects should be treated as identities, not as values. Identities are cloned, not copied or assigned, and cloning an identity is a more complex operation than copying or assigning a value. Therefore, QObject and all subclasses of QObject (direct or indirect) have their copy constructor and assignment operator disabled.