# Windows

## Parts of Windows and System Interaction

### Titles

Give every window a title (with the exception of alerts and toolboxes). A good window title contains information that is relevant to the user, and distinguishes a particular window from other open windows. Omit information that does not assist in this selection, for example the application's version number or vendor name.

#### Example of a window title

Screenshot showing a window title bar with title "Parts of Windows and System Interaction - Mozilla Firefox"

See the description of each particular window type for title formats.

### Borders and Window Commands

Most windows have borders, except certain shaped windows and some torn-off windows. Do not attempt to draw your own window borders, but instead provide hints to the window manager for the desired border type.

Different window commands are appropriate to different types of window. See the description of each particular window type for a list of appropriate window commands. These are the possible window commands:

- #### Close

  Closes the window. Always draw this as a button on the window border when relevant to the window type.

- #### Maximize

  Causes the window to use all unused screen space.

- #### Minimize

  Causes the window to be temporarily hidden. It will continue to appear on the desktop window list.

- #### Roll-up/Unroll

  Shows only the title bar of the window, as if it has been "rolled up".

### Modality

A non-modal window does not restrict the user's interaction with other open windows on the desktop in any way. Using non-modal windows gives the user maximum flexibility to perform tasks within your application in any order and by whichever means they choose.

An application modal window, while it is open, prevents the user from interacting with other windows in the same application.

A system modal window, while it is open, prevents the user from interacting with any other window in any application, including the desktop itself.

#### Guidelines

- Use an application modal window only if allowing interaction with other parts of the application while the window is open could cause data loss or some other serious problem. Provide a clear way of leaving the modal window, such as a Cancel button in an alert.

- Do not use system modal windows.

### Focus

Focus is the means by which the user designates which window should receive data from the keyboard, mouse or other input device. If using a screen reader or similar assistive technology, focus may also designate the window that the user wants to receive information about. The focused window is considered the window the user is currently "working with".

Ensure your application functions properly with the three different mechanisms by which windows can receive focus in GNOME:

- #### Click-to-focus

  A window is focused by clicking in it.

- #### Point-to-focus

  A window is focused by moving the mouse pointer into it. Sometimes known as "sloppy focus".

- #### Keyboard focus

  A window is focused by using a keyboard shortcut such as Alt Tab.

#### Special restrictions for point to focus

Note that point-to-focus places a number of restrictions on GNOME applications that are not present in environments such as MacOS or Windows. For example, utility windows shared between multiple document windows, like the toolbox in the GIMP Image Editor, cannot be context-sensitive— that is, they cannot initiate an action such as Save on the current document. This is because while moving the mouse from the current document to the utility window, the user could inadvertantly pass the pointer over a different document window, thus changing the focus and possibly saving the wrong document.

### Showing and Hiding Windows

How your application shows and hides windows can greatly affect the user's perception of your application, particularly its performance.

#### Guidelines

- Always show a window as soon as possible, but make sure your window is the correct size before displaying it. Resizing a window after it is visible is disorienting and gives an unpolished look to your application.

- If a window contains information that takes a few seconds to compute or display, it is often better not to fill it in completely before displaying the window. For example, a window containing a large text area can be shown quickly, and then the text can be filled in afterwards (provided this does not result in the window resizing). This will make your application feel more responsive than if you had not shown the window until its content was complete.

- Hide a window as soon as possible after it is closed. Unless an alert might be shown, immediately hide a window that the user has closed by clicking the Close button in the window border-- your application can still perform any internal clean-up operations afterwards. Besides making the system appear slow, not doing this can cause the window manager to think the application is not responding, and display an unnecessary alert to the user.

## Primary Windows

A primary window usually presents a view of the user's data, such as a text document in a word processor application, an image in a drawing program, or calculations in a calculator or spreadsheet application. It may also be a view of something more abstract, like a game. A single instance of an application may have more than one primary window, and more than one kind of primary window.

A primary window is always shown on the panel window list.

### A typical primary window (gedit)

A typical primary window: the gedit document view

A primary application window normally has a border, a menubar and a statusbar, and may also contain one or more toolbars.

### Title

The most important element of a document-based application's window title is the name of the open document. For other applications, it is usually the name of the application.

#### Guidelines

- Use Filename as the window title for document-based applications. Do not use the full pathname, as the filename alone is easier to distinguish amongst other open window titles, for example on the window list.

  #### Using document names as window titles

  Application | Example window title
  --- | ---
  AbiWord | My Report.abw
  Evolution | Inbox
  Music player | U2 - Better Than the Real Thing

  If the pathname is important, for example the user has opened two documents with the same name from different directories in the same application, show the full pathname in the statusbar.

- Before a new document has been saved for the first time, set the window title to Unsaved <document type>. For example, Unsaved Drawing, Unsaved Spreadsheet, or the more generic Unsaved Document.

- When a document has pending changes, insert an asterisk (*) at the beginning of the window title. For example, *Unsaved Drawing, *AnnualReport.

- For non-document-based applications, use Application Name as the window title.

  #### Using application names as window titles

  Application | Window title
  --- | ---
  Dictionary | Dictionary
  Calculator | Calculator

- Do not place version numbers, company names, or other information that is of no immediate use to the user in the window title. These consume space, making titles in limited spaces such as the system window list less useful, and add more text the user has to scan to find useful information. In a "beta" product, where version numbers are critical for bug information, placing version numbers can be useful, but remove them from stable releases. Place version information in the about box instead.

While document names are most pertinent to users, we understand that application developers may want to increase recognition of their application. If you plan to include your application's name in the title of a primary window, use the following format: Document Name - Application Name. This will ensure that the document name appears in limited space situations such as the system window list.

Including the application name in the title of a document-based application is not recommended.

Think about naming windows in the context of the panel window list. On a typical screen with a relatively small number of windows open, a window will have 20-30 characters of text and an icon. Consider which text will provide the most immediately obvious clues to a user looking for a particular window.

### Window Commands

Close, Maximize/Restore, Minimize, Roll-up/Unroll

### Relation between Documents and Windows

#### Single Document Interface (SDI)

A single document interface places each document in its own primary window. Toolboxes and other utility windows may be shared between multiple SDI documents, but closing them should have no effect on the document windows. Use SDI for your GNOME application unless there is a compelling reason not to.

##### A typical SDI application (Eye of GNOME)

A typical SDI application: Eye of GNOME being used to inspect an icon

#### Multiple Document Interface (MDI)

A multiple document interface presents a paned, tabbed or similar presentation of two documents within a single window.

##### A typical MDI application (gedit) showing three open documents on tabbed pages

A typical MDI application: gedit with three open documents in the same window

MDI has several inherent usability problems, so its use is discouraged in applications. It is better to open each document in a new primary window, with its own menubar, toolbars and statusbar, or allow multiple instances of your application to be run simultaneously. In either case, this leaves it for the window manager (acting on the user's preferences) rather than your application to decide how to group and present document windows from the same application.

#### Controlled Single Document Interface (CSDI)

In a typical SDI application, document windows are treated as primary. For example, when all document windows have been closed, the application (including utility windows) exits as well. In CSDI a utility window is treated as the primary window. For example, closing this utility window will close all document windows and exit the application.

Using CSDI is not recommended

CSDI is sometimes used because document windows might be too small to have menu bars. Typically this is not the normal use case for the application, but does represent a significant minority use case. For example, an image editor being used to edit small web page elements will often result in very small document windows that cannot accomodate a title bar.

A better way to address this problem is to allow menu bars to "collapse" into an overflow button, in much the same way toolbars operate when the window shrinks to below the toolbar width. This allows for small windows, but also provides an opportunity for people to figure out where their menus have gone.

Note that if very small documents are the primary use case for your application, you should consider finding a means to avoid windows altogether. Windows are not an effective interface for dealing with large numbers of small items. Consider looking for a fixed/automated layout system for presenting the "documents". Also consider if the "documents" will be primarily used in a higher level grouping, in which case that grouping could become the document instead.

## Utility Windows

Utility windows, such as palettes and toolboxes, normally have borders. They do not contain a menu bar, a toolbar, or a statusbar.

A utility window should not appear in the panel window list unless it is, or may be, the only window shown by an application. Otherwise, the utility window should be raised above the application when the application window itself is selected from the window list.

### Instant apply windows

For windows that allow the user to change values or settings, such as property and preference windows, update those values or settings immediately to reflect the changes made in the window. This is known as "instant apply". Do not make the user press an OK or Apply button to make the changes happen, unless either:

- the change will take more than about one second to apply, in which case applying the change immediately could make the system feel slow or unresponsive, or

- the changes in the window have to be applied simultaneously to prevent the system entering a potentially unstable state. For example, the hostname and proxy fields in a network properties window.

If either of these conditions affect only a few of the controls in your window, arrange those controls together into one or more groups, each with its own Apply button. Leave the rest of the controls as instant apply.

#### Guidelines

- Do not attempt to validate or apply changes caused by editing a text field control until the user has moved focus to a different control in the window, or the window is closed. Validating after each keypress is usually annoying and unnecessary. Exception: if the field accepts only a fixed number of characters, such as a hexadecimal color code, validate and apply the change as soon as that number of characters have been entered.

- When the user moves focus to a different control, do not indicate an invalid entry by displaying an alert or undoing the change the user made. Both of these methods are particularly disruptive for focus-follows-mouse users, for whom focus may leave the control more often than it does for a click-to-focus user.

### Explicit apply windows

If most of the controls in your window are not suitable for instant apply, consider making the whole window "explicit apply". An explicit apply window has these three buttons in its button box, plus an optional Help button:

- #### Apply

  Applies all the settings in the window, but does not close the window in case the user wishes to change their mind.

- #### Cancel

  Resets all settings in the window to those that were in force when the window was opened. Note: this must undo the effects of all applications of the Apply since the window was opened, not just the most recent one.

- #### OK

  Applies all settings in the window, and closes the window.

#### Buttons in an explicit apply window

Screenshot showing correct positions for Help, Apply, Cancel and OK buttons in a dialog

### Default Buttons

When designing a dialog or utility window, you can assign the Return key to activate a particular button in the window. GNOME indicates this button to the user by drawing a different border around it. For example, the Help button in .

Choose the default button to be the most likely action, such as a confirmation action or an action that applies changes in a utility window. Do not make a button the default if its action is irreversible, destructive or otherwise inconvenient to the user. If there is no appropriate button in your window, to designate as the default button, do not set one.

In particular, it is currently not recommended to make the Close button the default in an instant apply window, as this can lead to users closing the window accidentally before they have finished using it.

### Property Windows

Property windows allow the user to view and change the characteristics of an object such as a document, file, drawing, or application launcher.

#### Example of a property window

Screenshot showing the "file properties" window from Nautilus

#### Title Format:

Object Name Properties

#### Window Commands:

Close, Minimize, Roll-up/Unroll

#### Buttons:

Place a Close button in the lower right corner. A Help may be placed in the lower left corner.

### Preferences Windows

Preferences windows allow the user to change the way an application looks or behaves.

#### Example of a preferences window

Screenshot showing the Gnibbles preferences window

#### Title Format:

Application Name Preferences

#### Window Commands:

Close, Minimize, Roll-up/Unroll

#### Buttons:

Place a Close button in the lower right corner. A Help may be placed in the lower left corner.

#### Customizing Fonts and Colors

If your preferences window allows the user to customize fonts or colors, use the following wording and layout as a guide for these controls:

##### Recommended wording for overriding theme elements- replace with screenshot

    	(o) Use font from theme
    	(o) Use this font: [ Font selector ]

    	(o) Use colors from theme
    	(o) Use these colors:
    		Background: [ color selector ]
    		Foreground: [ color selector ]

The wording of the radio buttons may be more specific where required, for example, "Use monospace font from theme", or "Use background color from theme".

### Toolboxes

A toolbox provides convenient access to a set of actions and toggles through a set of small toolbar-like buttons. Toolboxes can be used to provide a specialized group of tools to augment a toolbar containing more universal items such as Save and open. A single toolbox can be shared between multiple documents to save screen space.

#### An example of a toolbox

A screenshot of a toolbox with eight buttons arranged into two rows

#### Title Format:

Toolboxes have no title

#### Window Commands:

Close, Roll-up/Unroll

#### Buttons:

Toolboxes have no buttons

#### Resizing:

Make toolboxes resizable, but only resize by discrete toolbox item widths. In other words, the user can resize the toolbox to be one item wide, two items wide, three items wide, etc. but not one and a half items wide.

#### Guidelines

- Only place buttons in a toolbox that do not open another window.

- Toolboxes are best used for modal toggle buttons that affect the operation of the mouse on the document, such as a set of buttons for choosing between paintbrush, eraser, and fill modes in a drawing application. Buttons that initiate actions upon clicking (such as a save button) are better placed in toolbars.

- Ensure that closing a toolbox does not close or otherwise alter any primary window with which it is associated.

- Do not place toolboxes in the system window list. Toolboxes should always remain above all primary windows with which they are associated.

- If all primary windows associated with a toolbox are closed or minimized, hide the toolbox as well. Show the toolbox again when one of the primary windows is opened or restored.

- Make a toolbox two items wide by default, unless it is broken into categories. Make categorized toolboxes four items wide by default.

#### Toolbox Categories

While categories may not be as visually appealing as a toolbox homogenously filled with beautiful icons, they make an unwieldy large toolbox more managable. Picking a small icon from more than fifteen other items is a difficult task. Additionally, categories allow users to hide sets of tool items that are not relevant to their current task.

##### A large toolbox broken into categories

##### Guidelines

- Break toolboxes with more than sixteen items into categories. The best size for a category is between four and ten items.

- Give each category a label (in title caps) and a collapsing arrow. Clicking the label or the arrow toggles the category between a collapsed and uncollapsed state.

## Alerts

An alert provides information about the state of the application system, or asks for essential information about how to proceed with a particular task. It is distinct from other types of window in that it is not directly requested by the user, and usually contains a message or a question rather than editable controls. Since alerts are an unwelcome intrusion into the user's work, do not use them except where necessary to avoid potential data loss or other serious problems.

An alert has a border similar to that of a dialog, and is object modal.

An alert should not appear in the panel window list unless it is, or may be, the only window shown by an application. For example, an appointment reminder alert may be shown after the main calendar application window has been closed.

Otherwise, an alert should be raised above the application when the application window itself is selected from the window list.

### An example of an alert

An example of an alert, showing the text "You have an appointment with George Wells in 15 minutes", and with an OK button to dismiss the window.

### Title Format

Alert windows have no titles, as the title would usually unnecessarily duplicate the alert's primary text. This way, users can read and respond to alerts more quickly as there is less visual noise and confounding text.

### Resizing

Alert windows are not resizable. If the user needs to resize your alert, the text is probably not concise enough.

### Window Commands:

None

### Alerts must stay above their parent

Alerts do not appear in the system window list. Consequently, take care to ensure that alerts stay above their parent window. Otherwise, users will be likely to lose the alert and find your application unresponsive for no apparent reason. Modal windows should always stay above the window(s) they block.

### Alert Text

An alert may contain both primary and secondary text. The primary text briefly summarizes the situation. The secondary text provides additional information.

Make both the primary and secondary text selectable. This makes it easy for the user to copy and paste the text to another window, such as an email message.

#### Primary and Secondary Text Placement

Screenshot of an alert showing example of primary text in bold, and secondary text in a smaller font underneath.

#### Primary Text

The primary text provides the user with a one sentence summary of the information or suggested action. This summary should concisely contain the essential details of the problem or suggestion. Every alert has primary text, displayed in a bold font slightly larger than the default. The primary text is punctuated in 'newspaper headline' style, that is, it has no terminating period, but it may have a terminating question mark.

Denote primary text with the pango markup:

    <span weight="bold"
          size="larger">Primary Text</span>

#### Secondary Text

Secondary text provides a more in-depth description of the problem and suggested action, including possible side effects. Secondary text can also provide information that may be helpful in allowing the user to make an informed decision. In most situations the user should only need the primary text to make a quick decision, but they may read the secondary text if they are unsure of the proper course of action, or require extra details. Secondary text is optional, but if used, place it one text line height beneath the primary text using the default font size and weight.

### Alert Buttons

Give all alerts an affirmative button that dismisses the alert and performs the action suggested in the primary text. Provide a Cancel button for all alerts displayed in response to a user actions, such as Quit. If the alert warns of a technical problem or other situation that could result in data loss, provide a Help button that provides more information on the particular situation and explains the user's options. You may also provide buttons to perform alternate actions that provide another possible solution, fix potential problems, or launch related dialogs or programs.

#### Button ordering and placement for alerts

Screenshot showing ordering and placement of alert buttons: Help button in bottom left, and Alternate, Cancel and Affirmative buttons in bottom right.

#### Button Phrasing

Write button labels as imperative verbs, for example Save, Print. This allows users to select an action with less hesitation. An active phrase also fits best with the button's role in initiating actions, as contrasted with a more passive phrase. For example Find and Log In are better buttons than Yes and OK.

- #### Affirmative Button

  Place the affirmative button in the lower right corner of the alert. The affirmative button accepts the action proposed by the alert, or simply dismisses the alert if no action is suggested (as is the case with an information alert).

- #### Cancel Button

  If the alert was produced in response to a user's action, place a Cancel button immediately to the left of the affirmative button. This provides an escape route for users to stop an action in response to new information, or just if they clicked accidentally. Clicking the Cancel button reverts the application to its state prior to the user action.

- #### Help Button

  A Help button may be used to clarify alerts that present potentially destructive options. Place the Help button in the lower left corner of the alert. When clicked, launch a help window clarifying the situation, detailing the actions performed by the other buttons, and explaining any side-effects that each action may have.

- #### Alternate Buttons

  Extra buttons may be used to provide alternates to the primary action proposed by the alert text. Place these buttons to the left of the Cancel button, or the affirmative button if Cancel is not present. An example of a common alternate action would be a Quit without Saving button in a save confirmation alert. This is an alternative to the primary suggested action Save and the Cancel button.

### Spacing and Positioning Inside Alerts

Using clear, consistent spacing in alerts makes the message easier to digest and the available responses more obvious.

#### Spacing inside an alert

Diagram showing correct spacing to use between controls and buttons in an alert window. This is detailed in the guidelines below.

#### Guidelines

- The border around all edges of the alert, and the space between the icon and the text, is 12 pixels.

- The horizontal spacing between the buttons is 6 pixels.

- Add one line break at the standard font size below both the primary and secondary text, or 24 pixels if you are using Glade.

- Align the top of the icon with the top of the primary text.

- Left-align the message text, for western locales.

#### Technical Details for Proper Layout

Create a new GtkDialog window specifying the number of buttons you wish the alert to contain (and a help button if appropriate). The GtkDialog will contain a GtkVBox with an empty upper row, and a lower row containing a GtkButtonBox with buttons in it. In the empty upper row, place a new GtkHBox. In the left column of the GtkHBox place a GtkImage. In the right column of the GtkHBox place a GtkLabel. Inside the GtkLabel place Primary Text first (using the appropriate Pango markup, see ), then put two linebreaks (return), then place Secondary Text. Now change the properties for each control according to these tables:

#### Properties for the GtkDialog

Property | Value
--- | ---
Title | (none)
Border Width | 6
Type | Top Level
Resizable | No
Has Seperator | No

#### Properties for the GtkVBox (included in the dialog by default)

Property | Value
--- | ---
Spacing | 12

#### Properties for the GtkHBox

Property | Value
--- | ---
Spacing | 12
Border Width | 6

#### Properties for the GtkImage

Property | Value
--- | ---
Y Align | 0.00
Icon Size | Dialog

#### Properties for the GtkLabel

Property | Value
--- | ---
Use Markup | Yes
Wrap Text | Yes
Y Align | 0.00

### Information Alerts

Use an information alert when the user must know the information presented before continuing, or has specifically requested the information. Present less important information by other means such as a statusbar message.

#### An information alert

#### An information alert...

- uses the stock information icon.

- presents a selectable message and an OK button. The button is placed in the bottom right corner of the alert. Pressing Enter or Escape dismisses the alert.

- may present a convenience button to give access to a relevant object. For example, a Details button in an appointment reminder alert that opens the appointment's property window. Place this button to the left of the affirmative button.

#### Window Commands:

Roll-up/Unroll, Minimize (if the alert has no parent window), Close

### Error Alerts

Display an error alert when a user-requested operation cannot be sucessfully completed. Present errors caused by operations not requested by the user by another means, unless the error could result in data loss or other serious problems. For example, an error encountered during an email check initiated by the user clicking a toolbar button should present an error alert. However, an error encountered in an automated periodic email check would more appropriately report failure with a statusbar message.

#### An error alert

#### An error alert...

- uses the stock error icon.

- presents a selectable message and an OK button. The button is placed in the bottom-right corner of the alert. Pressing Enter may dismiss the error alert.

- may present a convenience button to allow immediate handling of the error. For example, a Format... button in a "This disk is not formatted" alert. Place this button to the left of the affirmative button.

#### Window Commands:

Roll-up/Unroll

### Confirmation Alerts

Present a confirmation alert when the user's command may destroy their data, create a security risk, or take more than 30 seconds of user effort to recover from if it was selected in error.

#### A confirmation alert

#### A confirmation alert...

- uses the stock warning icon.

- presents a selectable message and a button labelled with a verb or verb phrase describing the action to be confirmed, or labelled OK if such a phrase would be longer than three words. This button is placed in the bottom right corner of the alert.

- presents a Cancel button that will prevent execution of the user's command. This button is placed to the immediate left of the OK or equivalent button.

- may present an alternate action button or a convenience button. Place this button to the left of the Cancel button.

#### Window Commands:

Roll-up/Unroll

#### Save Confirmation Alerts

Save confirmation alerts help ensure that users do not lose document changes when they close applications. This makes closing applications a less dangerous operation.

##### A save confirmation alert

Save confirmation alert: "[ Close without Saving] [ Cancel ] [[ Save ]] "

##### Primary Text

Save changes to document Document Name before closing?

You may replace document with a more appropriate description, for example image or diagram if the document in question is not primarily text.

##### Secondary Text

If you close without saving, changes from the last Time Period will be discarded

The secondary text provides the user with some context about the number of changes that might be unsaved.

##### Buttons

Close without Saving, Cancel, Save

When a confirmation alert is needed, present it immediately. If the user confirms closing without saving, hide the alert and the document or application window immediately, before doing any necessary internal clean-up. If the user chooses to save before closing, hide the alert immediately but show the document window until the document is saved, in case an error occurs. Then hide the document window immediately after it has been saved successfuly.

### Authentication Alerts

Authentication alerts prompt the user for information necessary to gain access to protected resources, such as their username or password. Authentication alerts are a special kind of alert because they are both routine and largely unavoidable. Every attempt should be made to retain information entered into an authentication alert as long as is possible within security constraints.

#### An authentication alert

#### Guidelines

- Use the stock authentication icon.

- Show a labelled field for each required item of information. Suggested fields are Username and Password (in that order) where appropriate.

- If it is secure to retain the username longer than the password, pre-fill the username field and give focus to the password field when the alert is displayed.

- Show a button labelled with a verb or verb phrase describing the authentication action, or OK if there is no appropriate phrase or such a phrase would be longer than three words. Place this button in the bottom right corner of the alert.

- Do not enable the OK or equivalent button until all fields that require input have been attended to by the user. Remember that not all fields may require input however, for example an empty password may be acceptable in some applications.

- Show a Cancel button that will prevent authentication and close the alert. Place this button to the immediate left of the OK or equivalent button.

- Place any alternative action or convenience button to the left of the Cancel button.

- When the user presses Return in the last field, activate the default button. When the user presses Return in any other field, move focus to the next field.

#### Window Commands:

Roll-up/Unroll

## Progress Windows

A progress window can be used to provide feedback during an operation that takes more than a few seconds. See for more details about proper use of progress bars.

A progress window should always appear as an independent window in a window list. If progress of a task makes a window temporarily unusable, do not present a modal dialog-like progress window in front of it. Instead, present progress somewhere in the original window, making all its other elements temporarily insensitive. This helps reduce visual clutter.

### An example of a progress window

An example of a progress window

### Title Format

Progress windows should have a title representing the overall operation: for example Copying Files, Installing, or Calling. As with other window titles, do not end progress window titles with an ellipsis.

### Resizing

Progress windows should be resizable if they contain non-static information the user may want to copy (for example, the source URL in a download progress window). Otherwise they should not be resizable.

### Guidelines

- It is often better to use the progress bar contained in many primary windows' statusbar rather than a progress window. See for details on choosing between the two.

- Progress windows should use primary and secondary text like an alert. See

- The progress bar text should provide an idea of how much work has been completed. It is better to provide specific information rather than a unitless percentage. For example, "13 of 19 images rotated" or "12.1 of 30 MB downloaded" rather than "13% complete".

- If possible, an estimate of the time left until the operation is complete should also be included in the progress bar text. Indicate that the "time left" is an estimate using the word "about".

- Immediately beneath the progress bar, place italicized text indicating the current sub-operation being performed. This might be a step in a sequence, "Contacting control tower for permission to land", or it could be the current object being operated on in a bulk operation, "Rotating MonaLisa.png", "Rotating StarryNight.png".

- If the operation in progress is potentially hazardous (destructive, costly, etc) or heavily taxes a limited resource for more than ten seconds (network bandwidth, hard disk, CPU, etc), consider placing a Pause toggle button to the right of the Cancel button. When paused, the italicized current sub-operation text should have " (Paused)" appended. This will allow users to perform important tasks requiring that resource, or give them time to think whether they want to procede with a dangerous operation they inadvertantly triggered.

### A progress window for a file copy operation

A progress window for a copy operation

### Checklist Windows

Occasionally a procedure is comprised of a series of user performable actions. In these cases, particularly when it is desirable that the user acquire some familiarity with the actions involved in a procedure, checklist windows may be used.

#### Firewall Setup Wizard

A personal firewall setup wizard might install the firewall package, add entries for the firewall to /etc/xinetd.conf, restart the internet super-daemon, and configure the user's web browser to operate through the firewall. It may be desirable that the user is exposed to the series of actions involved in setting up the firewall to increase the chances that they will be sucessful in making modifications later, if they so desire.

#### An example checklist window (Ready to Start)

A checklist window

#### An example checklist window (In Progress)

A checklist window

#### An example checklist window (Completed)

A checklist window

#### Guidelines

- If knowing the series of steps in an operation isn't that useful to the user, just use a regular progress window. Remember that you are probably more interested in the information than most users, many of whom will find the technical steps confusing rather than helpful.

- Unlike regular progress windows, checklist windows should not close automatically when the operation is complete and should require explicit user input before they begin. This is because one of their purposes is to inform the user concerning an operation's contingent steps.

- The progress bar indicates progress in the overall operation, not each step. While this is more difficult to program, it is the information most useful to the user. Just estimate how long each of the steps takes relative to each other and assign each step a fixed ratio of the progress bar's progress accordingly.

- Do not use a checklist window for a series of internal programmatic steps, use a regular progress window. For example "Connect to mail server", "Authenticate with mail server", "Download messages", "Disconnect" would not be an appropriate series of steps for a checklist window, but would be appropriate sub-operation steps for a regular progress window.

## Dialogs

A dialog provides an exchange of information, or dialog, between the user and the application. Use a dialog to obtain additional information from the user that is needed to carry out a particular command or task.

A dialog should not appear in the panel window list. Any open dialogs should be raised above the application when the application window itself is selected from the window list.

### An example of a dialog

An example of a tabbed dialog: the GNOME print dialog

### Title Format:

Name of command that opened the dialog (without any trailing ellipsis)

### Window Commands:

Minimize, Roll-up/Unroll

### Buttons:

Follow the guidelines for Alert buttons, see .

Your dialog may specify a default button, that is activated when the user presses the Return key. See for guidance on choosing an appropriate default button.

### Additional Buttons

You can include other buttons in a dialog's main button area in addition to the affirmative button and Cancel, but any more than one or two such buttons will make the dialog appear complicated and difficult to use. As with any other button, keep the labels as concise as possible to minimize this effect.

#### Guidelines

- Place buttons that apply to the dialog as a whole in the main button area row at the bottom of the dialog, to the left of the Cancel button.

- Place buttons that apply to one or a few controls next to their associated controls. For instance, place a Browse... button at the trailing edge of the text field it fills in.

### Layout

A clean, logical dialog layout helps the user to quickly understand what information is required from them.

#### Guidelines

- Arrange controls in your dialog in the direction that people read. In western locales, this is generally left-to-right, top-to-bottom. Position the main controls with which the user will interact as close to the upper left corner as possible. Follow similar guidelines for arranging controls within groups in the dialog, and for specifying the order in which controls are traversed using the Tab key.

- When opening a dialog, provide initial keyboard focus to the component that you expect users to operate first. This focus is especially important for users who must use a keyboard to navigate your application.

- Provide and show sensible default values for as many of the controls in your dialog as possible when it is opened, so the user does not have to generate the information from scratch. These defaults may come from system settings (for example, hostname or IP address), or from information that the user has previously entered in this or another application (for example, email address or network proxy).

See for more detailed information on arranging controls in dialogs.

See for information on using tabbed notebook controls in dialogs.

### Common Dialogs

The gtk and GNOME libraries provide standard dialogs for many common tasks, including opening and saving files, choosing fonts and colors, and printing. Always use these when the user is performing one of these tasks. You may modify the dialogs to reflect the needs of your particular application (for example, adding preview Play and Stop buttons to the Open File dialog in an audio application), but do not change or remove features so much as to make them unrecognizable.

## Assistants

An assistant is a secondary window that guides the user through an operation by breaking it into sequential steps. Assistants are useful for making complex operations less intimidating, as they restrict the information visible to the user at any given moment.

Because assistants provide a relatively small number of controls on the screen at any given time, they have sufficient space for inline documentation. Therefore, do not include a Help button in an assistant window. If you cannot make an operation sufficiently clear in an assistant without resorting to a Help button, you need to simplify it further.

Assistants do have major downsides. After using an assistant it is often hard to figure out where the individual settings aggregated into the assistant are stored. Often people will resort to re-running the assistant, re-entering many settings that they don't want to change.

Assistants are often used in situations where a better solution would be to simplify, or even better automate, the process. Before using an assistant to step people through a complex operation, consider if the operation can be fundamentally simplified so an assistant is unnecessary.

### Window Commands:

Close, Minimize/Unminimize, Roll-up/Unroll

### Introductory Page

The first page provides the user with the "big picture". Place the title of the assistant in the window's title bar and the assistant's title area, along with an optional picture. Beneath this, state the goal of the assistant, and, if it is not obvious, where the user can find the information the assistant will be asking for.

#### Title Format:

Assistant Title

#### Buttons:

Cancel, Forward

#### Example of the first page of an assistant

Screenshot showing the first page of an assistant for creating a new email account

### Content Pages

Content pages contain the actual settings of the assistant. Summarize the type of setting present on each content page in its title area. For example, Mail Server.

#### Title Format:

Assistant Title - (Current Page of Total Pages)

#### Buttons:

Cancel, Back, Forward

### Last Page

The last page should summarize the settings that will be changed by the assistant, and how the user can modify them later.

#### Title Format:

Finish Assistant Title

#### Buttons:

Cancel, Back, Finish