- lxml

- Developing with lxml

- Extending lxml

- Developing lxml

# lxml

» lxml takes all the pain out of XML. «
Stephan Richter

lxml is the most feature-rich and easy-to-use library for working with XML and HTML in the Python language.

# Introduction

lxml is a Pythonic binding for the libxml2 and libxslt libraries. It is unique in that it combines the speed and feature completeness of these libraries with the simplicity of a native Python API, mostly compatible but superior to the well-known ElementTree API. See the introduction for more information about background and goals. Some common questions are answered in the FAQ.

For commercial consulting and customisations, please contact Stefan Behnel.

# Documentation

The complete lxml documentation is available for download as PDF documentation. The HTML documentation from this web site is part of the normal source download.

- ElementTree:
  - ElementTree API
  - compatibility and differences of lxml.etree
  - benchmark results
- lxml.etree:
  - the lxml.etree Tutorial
  - lxml.etree specific API documentation
  - the generated API documentation as a reference
  - parsing and validating XML
  - XPath and XSLT support
  - Python extension functions for XPath and XSLT
  - custom element classes for custom XML APIs (see EuroPython 2008 talk)
  - a SAX compliant API for interfacing with other XML tools
  - a C-level API for interfacing with external C/Pyrex modules
- lxml.objectify:
  - lxml.objectify API documentation
  - a brief comparison of objectify and etree

lxml.etree follows the ElementTree API as much as possible, building it on top of the native libxml2 tree. If you are new to ElementTree, start with the lxml.etree Tutorial. See also the ElementTree compatibility overview and the benchmark results comparing lxml to the original ElementTree and cElementTree implementations.

Right after the lxml.etree Tutorial and the ElementTree documentation, the most important place to look is the lxml.etree specific API documentation. It describes how lxml extends the ElementTree API to expose libxml2 and libxslt specific functionality, such as XPath, Relax NG, XML Schema, XSLT, and c14n. Python code can be called from XPath expressions and XSLT stylesheets through the use of extension functions. lxml also offers a SAX compliant API, that works with the SAX support in the standard library.

There is a separate module lxml.objectify that implements a data-binding API on top of lxml.etree. See the objectify and etree FAQ entry for a comparison.

In addition to the ElementTree API, lxml also features a sophisticated API for custom element classes. This is a simple way to write arbitrary XML driven APIs on top of lxml. As of version 1.1, lxml.etree has a new C-level API that can be used to efficiently extend lxml.etree in external C modules, including custom element class support.

# Download

The best way to download lxml is to visit lxml at the Python Package Index (PyPI). It has the source that compiles on various platforms. The source distribution is signed with this key. Binary builds for MS Windows usually become available through PyPI a few days after a source release. If you can't wait, consider trying a less recent release version first.

The latest version is lxml 2.2.8, released 2010-09-02 (changes for 2.2.8). Older versions are listed below.

Please take a look at the installation instructions!

This complete web site (including the generated API documentation) is part of the source distribution, so if you want to download the documentation for offline use, take the source archive and copy the `doc/html` directory out of the source tree.

It's also possible to check out the latest development version of lxml from svn directly, using a command like this:

    svn co http://codespeak.net/svn/lxml/trunk lxml

You can also browse the Subversion repository through the web, or take a look at the Subversion history. Please read how to build lxml from source first. The latest CHANGES of the developer version are also accessible. You can check there if a bug you found has been fixed or a feature you want has been implemented in the latest trunk version.

# Mailing list

Questions? Suggestions? Code to contribute? We have a mailing list.

You can search the archive with Gmane or Google.

# Bug tracker

lxml uses the launchpad bug tracker. If you are sure you found a bug in lxml, please file a bug report there. If you are not sure whether some unexpected behaviour of lxml is a bug or not, please ask on the mailing list first. Do not forget to search the archive (e.g. with Gmane)!

# License

The lxml library is shipped under a BSD license. libxml2 and libxslt2 itself are shipped under the MIT license. There should therefore be no obstacle to using lxml in your codebase.

# Old Versions

See the web sites of lxml 1.3, 2.0, 2.1 and the current in-development version.

- lxml 2.2.7, released 2010-07-24 (changes for 2.2.7)
- lxml 2.2.6, released 2010-03-02 (changes for 2.2.6)
- lxml 2.2.5, released 2010-02-28 (changes for 2.2.5)
- lxml 2.2.4, released 2009-11-11 (changes for 2.2.4)
- lxml 2.2.3, released 2009-10-30 (changes for 2.2.3)
- lxml 2.2.2, released 2009-06-21 (changes for 2.2.2)
- lxml 2.2.1, released 2009-06-02 (changes for 2.2.1)
- lxml 2.2, released 2009-03-21 (changes for 2.2)
- lxml 2.2beta4, released 2009-02-27 (changes for 2.2beta4)
- lxml 2.2beta3, released 2009-02-17 (changes for 2.2beta3)
- lxml 2.2beta2, released 2009-01-25 (changes for 2.2beta2)
- lxml 2.2beta1, released 2008-12-12 (changes for 2.2beta1)
- lxml 2.2alpha1, released 2008-11-23 (changes for 2.2alpha1)
- lxml 2.1.5, released 2009-01-06 (changes for 2.1.5)
- lxml 2.1.4, released 2008-12-12 (changes for 2.1.4)
- lxml 2.1.3, released 2008-11-17 (changes for 2.1.3)
- lxml 2.1.2, released 2008-09-05 (changes for 2.1.2)
- lxml 2.1.1, released 2008-07-24 (changes for 2.1.1)
- lxml 2.1, released 2008-07-09 (changes for 2.1)
- lxml 2.0.11, released 2008-12-12 (changes for 2.0.11)
- lxml 2.0.10, released 2008-11-17 (changes for 2.0.10)
- lxml 2.0.9, released 2008-09-05 (changes for 2.0.9)
- lxml 2.0.8, released 2008-07-24 (changes for 2.0.8)
- lxml 2.0.7, released 2008-06-20 (changes for 2.0.7)
- lxml 2.0.6, released 2008-05-31 (changes for 2.0.6)
- lxml 2.0.5, released 2008-05-01 (changes for 2.0.5)
- lxml 2.0.4, released 2008-04-14 (changes for 2.0.4)
- lxml 2.0.3, released 2008-03-26 (changes for 2.0.3)
- lxml 2.0.2, released 2008-02-22 (changes for 2.0.2)
- lxml 2.0.1, released 2008-02-13 (changes for 2.0.1)
- lxml 2.0, released 2008-02-01 (changes for 2.0)
- lxml 1.3.6, released 2007-10-29 (changes for 1.3.6)
- lxml 1.3.5, released 2007-10-22 (changes for 1.3.5)
- lxml 1.3.4, released 2007-08-30 (changes for 1.3.4)
- lxml 1.3.3, released 2007-07-26 (changes for 1.3.3)
- lxml 1.3.2, released 2007-07-03 (changes for 1.3.2)
- lxml 1.3.1, released 2007-07-02 (changes for 1.3.1)
- lxml 1.3, released 2007-06-24 (changes for 1.3)
- lxml 1.2.1, released 2007-02-27 (changes for 1.2.1)
- lxml 1.2, released 2007-02-20 (changes for 1.2)
- lxml 1.1.2, released 2006-10-30 (changes for 1.1.2)
- lxml 1.1.1, released 2006-09-21 (changes for 1.1.1)
- lxml 1.1, released 2006-09-13 (changes for 1.1)
- lxml 1.0.4, released 2006-09-09 (changes for 1.0.4)
- lxml 1.0.3, released 2006-08-08 (changes for 1.0.3)
- lxml 1.0.2, released 2006-06-27 (changes for 1.0.2)
- lxml 1.0.1, released 2006-06-09 (changes for 1.0.1)
- lxml 1.0, released 2006-06-01 (changes for 1.0)
- lxml 0.9.2, released 2006-05-10 (changes for 0.9.2)
- lxml 0.9.1, released 2006-03-30 (changes for 0.9.1)
- lxml 0.9, released 2006-03-20 (changes for 0.9)
- lxml 0.8, released 2005-11-03 (changes for 0.8)
- lxml 0.7, released 2005-06-15 (changes for 0.7)
- lxml 0.6, released 2005-05-14 (changes for 0.6)
- lxml 0.5.1, released 2005-04-09 (changes for 0.5.1)
- lxml 0.5, released 2005-04-08